Ramasubramanian, M., B. N. Popov, R. E. White, and K. S. Chen. 1998. “Solution equilibrium characteristics of electroless copper deposition on thermally-activated palladium-catalysed polyimide substrates”. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 28 (7): 737-43.
Abstract
Solution equilibrium characteristics of two electroless copper baths containing EDTA and tartrate as the complexing agents were studied as functions of pH. Equilibrium diagrams were constructed for both Cu-tartrate and Cu-EDTA systems. It was determined that copper is chiefly complexed as Cu2L2 in acidic conditions and as Cu(OH)2L2-4 in alkaline conditions in the tartrate bath, and as CuA-2 in the EDTA bath, where L and A are the complexing tartrate and EDTA ligands, respectively. Electroless copper deposition rates were studied from a tartrate bath on thermally activated palladium-catalysed polyimide substrates as functions of copper and formaldehyde concentrations, and pH. © 1998 Chapman & Hall.
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